Epidemiology and Determinants of Mental Health Across the Lifespan in Indonesia: An Indonesian Health Survey Study

Abstract

Mental health is a critical public health issue in Indonesia, yet comprehensive, life-span-oriented analyses that synthesize national trends with local evidence are limited. Understanding the epidemiology and social determinants across life stages is crucial for effective policy. This study aims to synthesize the epidemiology and key determinants of mental health across the life span in Indonesia by integrating data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SPT) with findings from local empirical studies. Methods: A descriptive-analytical synthesis study was conducted. Primary data sources included the official national report of the 2023 SPT and relevant local studies published in accredited national journals (2018-2023). Data on prevalence, demographic distribution, and suicidal ideation were extracted from the SPT. Findings from local studies on specific age groups (adolescents, elderly) and community-based interventions were analyzed thematically. A convergent triangulation approach was used to integrate national quantitative data with local contextual evidence. The national prevalence of mental health problems among adults (15 years and older) is 2.0%, with higher rates among young adults (15-24 years: 2.8%), older adults (75+: 3.1%), women, and those with low education and unstable employment. Importantly, approximately 12.5% ​​of individuals with mental health problems report suicidal thoughts. Local studies reveal significant subclinical problems among adolescents and identify social isolation, chronic illness, and lack of family support as key determinants for older adults. Community-based models such as Desa Siaga Sehat Jiwa (Mental Health Alert Village) show potential in early detection and support.