Risk Factors for Pneumonia in Toddlers in Indonesia: An Indonesian Health Survey Study

Abstract

Pneumonia is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in children under five years of age (toddlers), especially in developing countries, including Indonesia. Despite various preventative measures, the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers remains relatively high and shows regional variation. Therefore, identifying risk factors for pneumonia in toddlers based on national data is crucial as a basis for formulating health policies. This study aims to analyze risk factors for pneumonia in toddlers in Indonesia based on data from the 2023 Indonesian Health Survey (SKI). This study used an observational analytical study design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were sourced from the 2023 SKI, which covered toddlers aged 0–59 months throughout Indonesia. The dependent variable was the incidence of pneumonia, while the independent variables included toddler characteristics, maternal characteristics, socioeconomic status, residential environment, and access to health services. Data analysis was conducted descriptively and analytically to identify risk factors for pneumonia. The results showed that the incidence of pneumonia in toddlers was higher in the 1–4 year age group and among boys. Risk factors associated with pneumonia include low maternal education, low socioeconomic status, rural residence, exposure to cigarette smoke in the home, and limited access to health services. There is variation in pneumonia prevalence across provinces, reflecting disparities in social and environmental determinants of health. The incidence of pneumonia in toddlers in Indonesia is influenced by biological, socioeconomic, environmental, and health service factors. Pneumonia prevention efforts need to be comprehensive through strengthening primary health care services, improving the home environment, and enhancing family education and well-being.